Female Leaders And Transformational Leadership Management Essay

Female Leaders And Transformational Leadership Management Essay As the number of females in management level increase in recent years, their leadership style and the subordinates behavior are worth investigated. Among all leadership styles, most female leaders choose transformational leadership. As stated by Powell (2004), when female leaders use transformational leadership style, they will be evaluated more favorably than male leaders. The reason behind is that transformational leadership is more associated with the feminine than masculine gender stereotype. The women transformational leaders also develop different behavior in trust and lead to different team effectiveness and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Transformational leadership The concept of transformational leadership was first introduced by Burns (1978)Â  [ii]Â  stating that transformational leadership is a process which leaders and followers help each other to advance to a higher level of morale and motivation. Bass (1985)Â  [iii]Â  further developed Burnss concept that transformational leadership entailed establishing oneself as a role model by gaining followers trust and confidence. Transformational leaders state future goals, develop plans to achieve those goals, and innovate, even when their organization is generally successful. Transformational leaders are idealized that they are a moral example of working towards the benefit of the team, organization and community. Bass (1985) theorized that transformational leadership comprises four dimensions: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation and idealized influence. Individualized consideration is the leaders role towards the followers and concerns their needs. The leader gives support and empathy to followers so as to motivate them to accomplish the tasks. Intellectual stimulation is about the leaders attitude towards creativity and risks. Transformational leaders are willing to take risks and encourage followers to think independently and creatively. They think that the unexpected situations are the opportunity to learn. Inspiration motivation concerns the extents of leaders motivate the followers by giving them a clear vision to follow. When the followers understand the vision, they are willing to pay more effort in completing tasks and consequently bring benefits to the team and company. Idealized influence is that leaders provide a role exemplar to followe rs demonstrating their ability and ethics to gain respect and trust of them. The four dimensions of transformational leadership are widely used in measuring transformational leadership. This leadership style concerns to influence followers to work better and eventually lead to intrinsic motivation towards the tasks. As this kind of leadership is always perceived as effective, it is becoming popular in the business industry as well as government. Female Leaders and transformational leadership It was obvious that women were not favor in filling high-level leadership position. Gary Yukl (2010)Â  [iv]Â  suggested that this phenomenon was due to the gender-based discrimination about men were more qualified than women for leadership roles and involves three main assumptions. These assumptions were about traits and skills required for effective leadership in organizations, about instinctive differences between men and women, and about the appropriate behavior for men and women. These hindered women from holding important and high-level leadership position in early years. However, the portion of women in executive level is increasing in recent years. Cookburn (1991)Â  [v]Â  suggested that stereotypes of women include kindness, compassion, nurturing and sharing lead to a higher concern for women regarding interpersonal relationship and consensus building. These unique characteristics bring women to high-level positions in company. And also due to these special attributes, women are more likely to choose transformational leadership style. Women are always strong at showing the individualized consideration to followers. As they concern the interrelationship between people, they will undoubtedly show their support and empathy to the subordinates for the benefit of themselves and the whole team. The evidence is given by Eagly Johannessen-Schmidt (2002)Â  [vi]Â  that women were rated higher than men in most aspects of transformational leadership. As a result, women using transformational leadership style are perceived easier to bring to the success of teams. Trust Trust between leader and subordinate is a key element of a team success. Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt, Camerer (1998)Â  [vii]Â  defined trust as a psychological state comprising the intention to accept the vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behavior of another. Trust is important in some perspectives like reduction of harmful conflict and promotion of effective responses to crisis (Rousseau et al. 1998). For a company, it is crucial for employees trust in the leader in explaining the visions and motivates employees to support the organization (Howarth, Rafferty, 2009)Â  [viii]Â  . Moreover, some studies (Sandy, Uma 1994; Perry, Mankin, 2004)Â  [ix]Â  xindicated that the gender of leaders and subordinates is an important factor in perceived behavior. Therefore, understanding the trusting behavior of subordinates to a women leader can help on the better development of team and company. Trust and gender The difference between women and men in interdependence is that women are more relationally interdependent while men are more collectively interdependent (Gabriel Gardner, 1999)Â  [xi]Â  . The article states that women place more emphasis on relationships and interpersonal connections, while men are more likely to emphasize more depersonalized group memberships and the importance of group identity. This can attribute to the nature and way of bringing up of women. Women are always by nature more sociable. They are more removed and protected than are men from many of the unpleasant aspects of human nature (Wrightsman, 1974)Â  [xii]Â  . They are brought up with more concern about care and built up good relationship with others. This socialization process trains women to assume the best or to think well of people. So, as a result, women consider the relationship with people more than men do. In some studies (Schwieren and Sutter, 2004Â  [xiii]Â  ; Slonim, 2004Â  [xiv]Â  ), the difference of trusting behavior between men and women is not significant. In a trust game by Eckel and Wilson (2004)Â  [xv]Â  , the result indicated that women trust less than men. But this is limited for the decisions made during the game. In normal condition, the gender has no effects on trust. Nevertheless, it can be deduced that women will trust the individuals with good relationship. They think that the one they rely on will act for the best of them. However, Maddux and Brewer (2005)Â  [xvi]Â  stated that although women may have actually trusted the relationship target more than men, they are less likely to make risky decision. That is, from the decision point of view, women will not take the risk and rather choose a safe option. This is not related to the matter of trust. Trust and transformational leadership The basic theory of transformational leadership posits trust as a central feature of the relationship that leaders have with their followers, and assume that it is through the followers trust in their leader (Bennis Nanus, 1985)Â  [xvii]Â  . This behavior of trust motivates the followers to perform better and beyond the expectations. In recent meta-analysis on trust and leadership, Dirks Ferrin (2002)Â  [xviii]Â  reported that the transformational leadership is a strongly predictive of trust. The evidences are given by other researchers (Bennis et al. 1985; Butler, Cantrell, Flick, 1999Â  [xix]Â  ; Conger, Kanungo, Menon, 2000Â  [xx]Â  ). Back to the four dimensions of transformational leadership, the researchers (Bennis et al. 1985; Butler et al. 1999; Conger et al. 2000) found that they all enhance trust between leaders and subordinates. Individualized consideration concerns about communication between leader and subordinates, understanding of needs and capabilities and developing subordinates strengths, which can demonstrate the care of leader about them. As a consequence, trust will build between both parties. Intellectual stimulation reinforces the leaders commitment to the development of the subordinates as well as the team, hence trust is built. Leader motivates and focuses subordinates efforts on tasks and goal, which is considered as inspirational motivation, can increase the trust level of both sides. Finally, idealized influence of leader shows the integrity and competence. Subordinates rely on the behaviors of leader and determine whether their leader is trustworthy. So, in general, transformational leader s are always perceived as trustworthy and easy to gain trust from subordinates. Impact of trust and women transformational leaders on team effectiveness Trust in the leader is associated with the effort employees put into work (Dirks, Ferrin. 2002)Â  [xxi]Â  . The more effort employees put into work can be regarded as higher effectiveness of the leader. Gomez Rosen (2001)Â  [xxii]Â  reported that team members trust in their leader would be positively associated with the perceptions of leaders effectiveness. Therefore, the higher degree of trust on the leader, the better effectiveness them team will be. Women as leaders are always perceived as less effective than men (Eagly, Karau, Makhijani, 1995)Â  [xxiii]Â  . Eagly et al. (1995) found that male managers were more effective than women managers in positions that required strong task skills, while women managers were more effective in positions that required strong interpersonal skills. This finding is consistent with the previous statement of Wrightman (1974) that women are strong at and concern relationship with people. It can be predicted that for a position that required strong interpersonal skills and a female transformational leader has good relationship with subordinates, the trusting behavior will enhance the team effectiveness.

Johnson County Stock War: Big Business versus Small Ranchers Essay

Johnson County Stock War: Big Business versus Small Ranchers On March 10, 1892 the Billings Gazette reported, â€Å"The opening of spring may be more red than green for the horse thieves and cattle thieves of Johnson County† (Brash, 143). The writer of the article could little have known how truthful their premonition would prove to be. The late 1800’s were turbulent times in the West. Large tracts of publicly held range ground would be at the center of Wyoming’s very own civil war. Gil Bollinger, author and western researcher, reports that by the 1870’s and 1880’s fencing of land to enclose both crops and water sources was common (Bollinger, 81). This practice, however, was still illegal according to the federal government. In 1877, the United States Government sued Swan Land and Cattle Company, in an effort to set an example that all fences on open range must come down (Bollinger, 81). The fencing of lands was a major problem, as agricultural producers needed open access to the limited resources, especially water. Johnson County, in northern Wyoming, was an agricultural nucleus for cattle and sheep producers who knew the lush grass and good water supply would greatly benefit their operations. Since fencing was illegal, these resources were available to everyone. Cattle operators, large and small alike, ran their livestock loose and participated in large roundups once a year where all the cattle were branded. Slick calves, called mavericks, were often unrightfully claimed. Lack of fencing made any free ranging livestock available to whoever was devious enough to take them (Smith, 25). Helena Smith quotes Horace Plunkett, a producer, in a letter he wrote to the Wyoming Stock Grower’s Association as saying, â€Å"The relations bet... ...576. Harvey, Mark E., A Civil War in Wyoming: A Centennial Commemoration of the Johnson County War. M.A., American Studies Program, December 1992. Pfeifer, Michael J. (2004). Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society: 1874-1947. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. Retrieved October 30, 2006 from . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_County_War. Norman, David. (1994) The Johnson County War against Nate Champion and the "Red Sash Gang". Retrieved October 30, 2006 from http://www.gunnyragg.com/redsash.htm. Robert, Phil. (2006) Events Leading up to the Johnson County War/Invasion. History of Wyoming class syllabus. Retrieved October 30, 2006 from http://uwacadweb.uwyo.edu/RobertsHistory/Johnson_County_Invasion_06.htm. Smith, Helena H. (1966). The War on Powder River: The History of an Insurrection. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

Jesse Pinkman Character Analysis

Humanities 103 October 20th , 2012 Character Analysis The character that I chose to analyze is Jesse Pinkman from the show Breaking Bad. Breaking Bad is considered to be one of the best shows of all times. The show alone won about 14 different awards and has been nominated for a variety of different categories and awards. Not to mention all the awards and nominations its actors, and director has received. The show has outstanding acting and quality production value. Breaking Bad is a story about a chemistry teacher Walter White who gets lung cancer and breaks bad to make money for his family before he passes away.He decides start making and distributing methamphetamine after having seen the amount of money it is able to bring in. Walter encounters Jesse while on a ride along with his brother-in-law who works as DEA agent, and that is when he gets idea to work with him. Jesse is Walter’s former student who is already involved in the drug scene, they start off together as a team when Walter makes a deal with Jesse not to turn him to the DEA, after having recognized him at the scene of a meth lab running away. The show takes them deeper into the hands of drug cartel as it goes on, and they go through a lot of absurd situations together.Jesse is a 25 year old man who is long estranged with his family . At a first glance you know nothing about Jesse besides the fact that he is what society would classify him as a low life. His occupation in the beginning is a meth cook, running a lab in a small house in house like conditions with his elementary school friend. As unappealing as his life might look to a viewer he is a very likable character, even in the beginning. We might conclude that Jesse is a high school drop out who has no further education is not very motivated to change anything about that.As a viever I did not see Jesse as one of the main characters for a long time in the first season. His role seemed to be somewhat unimportant in a way. Perhaps it is because of his lifestyle, and you are automatically assume he will be cut out because he is not very successful as a drug dealer that Walt expects him to be. But as the story develops and goes on Jesse actually becomes one of my most favored actors and characters. He is easy to be sympathetic to and in a strange way very relatable. You learn more and more about his character and his life, and values.At a much further part of the show a lot of his personal issues and life is uncovered. He comes from an upper-middle class family with parents with very high expectations. Getting a glimpse of his parents’ behavior with Jesse’s younger brother makes you realize that the reason why he is the way he is, is simply out of rebellion. Jesse was not a successful student at school, presumably because he was already using drugs even in his teen years. He was kicked out of his house by his parents because of his rebellious behavior. Jesse then moves into his aunt’s house who h as cancer, and he becomes her primary care giver.After his aunt passes away Jesse remains living in her home. As a person Jesse is relatable and believable, because in our society today we see more and more high school drop outs. Thinking back to high school I can see a lot of potential Jesses there. They have type of dialogue, clothing style, and behavioral problems. I remember seeing guys like that at parties and I knew I had to stay away, and keep my distance because they were either intimidating, or I simply did not want to associate myself with people like that. But men like are shaped because of rejection and unacceptance.As we get know Jesse we see a lot of good in him. Even though he is not close to his parents he has a good relationship with his younger brother, and is protective of him. Jesse takes the blame of having marijuana in his parents’ home after he tries to take shelter there again, but ends up getting kicked out again for fault of not his own. Jesse in gen eral is very protective over children and feels the need to keep them away from his own ways and lifestyle. He is very angered and upset whenever the story involved any kind of harm to a child.Even though Jesse acknowledges that he is a criminal, he has a very hard time dealing with any deaths involved and participating in murder. You could tell that he feels remorse and regret when a situation calls for murder and he is the one to have dealt with it. He doesn’t want to be involved in any criminal activities and wants to get his life straight. Taking that into consideration the viewer sees him as less of a villain, and desires for him to succeed and get better. When Jesse is faced with a stressful situation or one that involves a quick decision, he becomes very aggressive, and anxious.Having been forced into the bigger picture of the drug dealing world by Walter he is often reluctant and unreliable. He is often not taken serious due to his drug addiction, and doesn’t h ave much value to the antagonists of the show. However Jesse does transform from the person he was when he just entered that world to a more fully-grown man as the show develops. Walter’s and his ordeals teach him a lot of lessons and responsibilities in the business. But no matter the situation he never turns his back on Walter and persists to protect Walter from any potential risk to his life.There comes a point for Jesse where his value is being tested, and he proves himself valuable and loyal. Jesse cleans up his act and becomes sober, but still acts out on occasion. He is later placed under supervision of Mike, who is the go-to guy for sticky situations. Since Jesse has never had a good father figure, Mike becomes that to him, and Jesse begins to look up to him in a way. I think that Jesse was good asset in the show because he made it more believable as a story of the ordinary life. Aaror Paul is the actor who portrays Jesse and he does a wonderful job playing his charac ter, and has even gotten awards for it.Like I have previously said, Jesse is a very common type of a person we might see in out society today, and the acting by Aaron makes it easy to refer to those type of people. His transformation story is very touchy and convincing, and he might even develop emotional attachment to his character, leaving you wanting him to prevail his problems. The show unveils his potential as a person and shows all the good ethics in him, which perhaps was a â€Å"call to action† stunt to the viewers to reconsider opinions about stereotypes.

Research Assignment - 865 Words

History Apple Inc: Apple Inc formerly known as Apple Computer Inc which provides corporate Server, MAC OS Systems and Operating System. Apples core product lines are the iPhone, iPod and Macintosh System. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozaniak, The founder of Apple has created the Apple Computer on 1st April 1976 and integrated in the company on 3rd January 1977, in Cupertino California. It has driven the Computer manufacturing market for more than two decades. Mr. Steve Jobs who was expelled in 1985 was return as CEO of the APPLE Inc in 1996 with new Ideas and corporate philosophy. With introduction of successful IPod Player in to 2001 Apple has again proved itself as a Market leader in consumer electronics. Latest era of extraordinary success†¦show more content†¦Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings.† http://www.corpor ate-ir.net/ireye/ir_site.zhtml?ticker=aaplamp;script=1800amp;layout=7#corpinfo2 SWOT Analysis of Apple Inc: Although participation in such activities may add value, they may not be a source of competitive advantage. Ultimately, the value, rarity, inimitability, and/or organization (VRIO) of an activity or resource determine its sustainability as a source of competitive advantage. Within this context, we can identify a firm’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In SWOT analysis Strength and Weaknesses are depends on Internal factors and Opportunities and Threats Depends on External Factors of and Organization. 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